Which category completely represents an ethical principle of CFA Institute as outlined in the Standards of Practice Handbook?

• A. Individual professionalism
• B. Responsibilities to clients and employers
• C. Ethics involved in investment analysis and recommendations
• D. Conflicts of interest management

Answer: (A)

Individual professionalism is the umbrella ethical principle guiding CFA Institute members and candidates. It sets the standard for behavior across all activities, requiring integrity, objectivity, competence, and fair treatment, while respecting laws and regulations. Because professionalism defines the baseline for how a professional should act in any situation, it inherently encompasses duties to clients and employers, ethics in investment analysis and recommendations, and how to manage conflicts of interest. The other areas describe important aspects of ethical practice, but they sit under this broader standard rather than fully representing the entire ethical framework.